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High-voltage DC Transmission Systems With DC Link Control, Converters, and Smoothing Reactors

Writer's picture: Hüseyin GÜZELHüseyin GÜZEL

For a given power level, DC line requires less Right-of-Way (RoW), simpler and cheaper towers and reduced conductor and insulator costs. The power loss is also reduced with DC as there are only two conductors. The absence of skin effect is with dc is also beneficial in reducing power losses marginally.


High-Voltage DC Transmission Systems With DC Link Control, Converters, and Smoothing Reactors
High-Voltage DC Transmission Systems With DC Link Control, Converters, and Smoothing Reactors

The dielectric loss in the case of power cables is also much less in the case of DC transmission.

Let us assume that an AC line and a DC line using the same conductors and insulators are built. Assume that in each case, the current is limited by temperature rise. Then the DC current equals the rms current.


Assume also that the insulators withstand the same crest voltage to ground in each case. Then the direct voltage is √2 times the rms alternating voltage.


The DC power per conductor is:pd = VdId (1.1)


and the AC power per conductor is:pa = VaIa cosφ (1.2)


where Id and Ia are the currents per conductor, Vd and Va the conductor-to-conductor ground voltages, and cosφ the power factor. The ratio is:

Take cos φ = 0:945 and pd/pa= 1:5. Now compare a three phase, three conductor AC line with a bipolar two-conductor DC line.

The power capabilities of the respective circuits are:


Pd = 2pd

Pa = 3pa


and the ratio is:

Both lines carry the same power. The DC line is simpler and cheaper, having two conductors instead of three.


Variation of cost of ac and dc transmission vs. distance
Figure 1 – Variation of cost of ac and dc transmission vs. distance

The corona loss on DC conductors tends to be less significant than for AC and this also leads to the choice of economic size of conductors with DC transmission. The other factors that influence the line costs are the costs of compensation and terminal equipment.


DC lines do not require compensation, but the terminal equipment costs are increased due to the presence of converters and filters.

Length of Transmission line: The variation in cost of AC and DC transmission is shown in Figure 1. DC transmission is economical only beyond a certain distance d∗, called the break-even distance.


The breakeven distance also varies with the power transmitted.


The essentials of high voltage D.C. transmission
The essentials of high voltage D.C. transmission

Document:

The essentials of high voltage D.C. transmission by Anith Krishnan at College of Engineering, Kidangoor

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